The etiology of depression depression in parents, parenting, and. Many biological and psychological factors interact in depression, althou gh precisely which specific factors interact may differ from person to person. What we do know is that antidepressant medications. Each type of depression is associated with different mixtures of causes. We are now going to have a brief discussion of the many biological, psychological and social factors that have been identified as being related to major depressive disorder. A fundamental difference between the biological accounts biochemical and genetic factors and the psychological accounts freuds theory and life events, is that the biological accounts are based on an internal origin of depression within an individual, both our genes and our biochemical levels are within us, whilst freuds theory and. Biological factors the biological factors that might have some effect on depression include. Depression may be related to abnormalities in the circadian rhythm, or biological clock. Great progress has been made in the understanding of brain function, the influence of neurotransmitters and hormones, and other biological processes, as well as how they may relate to the development of depression. Biology of depression neuroplasticity and endocrinology.
Sometimes people say they think they were born with depression or have always felt sad since they were young. Five theories have been developed to explain the mechanism of depressive mood disorders, including the monoamine, biorhythm, neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, and kindlingneuroplasticity theories. Scientific research confirms a strong presence of biological, psychosocial, and. As this paper attempts to create an integrated framework in which multiple biological theories are synthesized, an emphasis was placed on papers that focused on an interaction between disparate biological systems. Depression is the principal cause of illness and disability in the world.
It is widely believed by psychologists and scientists that all mental disorders are brought about by a complex correlation of psychological, biological, and social factors. Biologicalexplanationsofgeneralized anxietydisorder. Research findings in developing countries suggest that maternal depression may be a risk factor in. Fundamentally, such depressive symptoms as sad mood, pessimism, and lethargy, are universal human experiences and are considered normal reactions to the struggles, disappointments, and losses of everyday life. Apr 22, 2010 new data on the function of the hpa axis and the role of crf in stress response, contribute to the further understanding to the neurobiology of depression. Biological causes of clinical depression continue to be studied extensively. For example, rapid eye movement rem sleepthe stage in which dreaming occursmay be quick to arrive and intense in depressed people. The biological basis of mood disorders introduction to. Several lines of evidence suggest that the classic neurotransmitters, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and serotonin, play important roles in the pathogenesis of depressive illness. Depression may become recurrent for biological as well as social and. Hall, 1998 monamine5ht hypothesis just as with schizophrenia, the most popular neurophysiological theory of depression follows from the drugs that are used to treat it. In many ways, psychological theories of deviance mirror biological explanations see. Description unipolar depression has a biological explanation because it runs in families.
Biological, psychosocial, and spiritual dimensions and treatment abdulmissagh ghadirian, m. The biological perspective is a way of looking at psychological issues by studying the physical basis for animal and human behavior. Just as with schizophrenia, the most popular neurophysiological theory of. Biological theories of panic disorder verywell mind. An interesting recent development in cognitive theories of depression is the study of the. In 20 very substantive chapters written by 26 outstanding authors, this volume spans three general areas.
Im creating individual posts between biological, psychological, and evolutionary theories of the causes, as well as environmental relationships, yet not one single thing is the cause of depression. Five theories have been developed to explain the mechanism of depressive mood disorders, including the monoamine, biorhythm, neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, and. No one theory will completely explain the biological bases for depression because depression is really a syndrome, rather than a specific unitary disease state. There are several biological explanations of depression but today we will discuss 3 in particular. In the introduction to his book rethinking depression new world library 2012, p. Pp presentation with notes of the lecture given during the first cinp educational course in tomsk and novosibirsk, siberia, russian federation in may 20. Social environment plays a role in depression both directly and indirectly. Other etiological theories include neurotransmitter imbalance or change in neurotransmitter receptor function, 1,2 hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal hpa axis. Since definitions provide the foundation for an inquiry, it is logical that the problems of definitions influence the ways in which people investigate the causes. May loo md, in integrative medicine for children, 2009. Most researchers and doctors agree that depression results from a combination of factors. Conduct disorder is a psychological disorder diagnosed in childhood that presents itself through a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major ageappropriate norms are violated psychological theory of deviance.
Factors spanning these causative groups include nutritional deficiencies in magnesium, vitamin d, and tryptophan with situational origin but biological impact. Depression has been linked to problems or imbalances in the brain, specifically with the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. By rejecting cartesian dualism, we accept that all psychiatric disorders are biological. Other biochemical compounds and peptides may also be involved in the etiology of some forms of mood disorders. Rem sleep depends on decreased serotonin levels in the brain stem, and is impaired by compounds, such as antidepressants, that increase. One of the goals of this book is to help you remove the word depression from your vocabulary and, as a result, from your life. Consequently, the treatment profile is also diversified. The physical manifestations are common features of depression present in up to 80% of depressed patients 2. Many experts currently agree that panic disorder is caused by a combination of factors. The biochemical and genetic explanation does not take into account significant psychological stressors i. However, freud also argued that some cases of depression could be linked to loss or rejection by a parent.
The finding of various structural and chemical abnormalities in the brain through neuroimaging has been the mainstay in depression research. It is impossible to point to one cause of depression because it is a disease conditioned by many different factors, ranging from independent factors like genetic, biological, hormonal, through the. New data on the function of the hpa axis and the role of crf in stress response, contribute to the further understanding to the neurobiology of depression. Aug 14, 2017 anxiety disorders afflict approximately 40 million american adults each year, according to the national institute of mental health. Reducing our feelings and reactions to robotlike behavior is not only unethical, it also ignores the factors in our every day environment our childhood experiences and the influence and behavior of friends and media that have been found to affect us. Kasper dl, braunwald e, fauci as, hauser sl, longo. Biological theory of depression in the light of new evidence. Apr 20, 2020 the possible causes of bipolar disorder are not wellunderstood. However, for some individuals, the intensity and persistence of depressive symptoms.
Studies charting the prevalence of depression among children and adolescents report high percentages of youngsters in both groups with depressive symptoms. Cognitive theories of depression in children and adolescents. Biological basis of depression behavior mcat youtube. Several theories concerning the biologically based cause of depression have been suggested over the years, including theories revolving around monoamine neurotransmitters. Cognitive theories of depression take the view that depression is triggered by negative thoughts, interpretations, selfevaluations, and expectations joormann, 2009. The evolution of antidepressant drugs has, in some ways, been the systematic narrowing down of monoamines to serotonin. For psychotic or melancholic depression, physical and biological factors are relevant. The literature on the biological basis of depression is vast. Biological theories of depression and implications for. Depression is polygenic in nature with both genetic and epigenetic components, making the use of genetically engineered rodents as models for drug discovery precarious. Aug 14, 2017 approximately 10 percent of adults over the age of 18 suffer from depression in the united states each year, according to the website healthy place. Wasley, in comprehensive medicinal chemistry ii, 2007. Researchers have a set of theories about the possible causes of this concern, but no single theory has yet been shown to be the. Antidepressants and biochemical theories of depression.
Biology of depression neurotransmitters a literal ton of research has been done on the causes of depression. Those in the biological condition then read an empirically based biological explanation of gener. Biological theories of manicdepression biological theories of manicdepression like every mental illness, there is no definitive evidence concerning the etiology of manicdepression, also known as bipolar disorder. Biological causes of depression all about depression. Yet another theory of depression is based on a biological model. Diathesisstress models of depression the model shown in figure 9. Behavioral, cognitive, psychoanalytic, interpersonal, biological, and genetic. Abstract depression is one of the most pervasive disorders and a leading cause of disability worldwide. A serious loss, chronic illness, relationship problem, work stress.
Biology of depression neurotransmitters depression. The biological approach in psychology is highly reductionist in its approach to the complexity of human behavior and emotion. It is one of the major perspectives in psychology and involves such things as studying the brain, immune system, nervous system, and genetics. This is in fact the major reason for the slow paced drug development against this disease. There are diverse theories on the pathogenesis of depression most based on measurement of indirect markers, postmortem studies and neuroimaging techniques. Biological theories of depression flashcards quizlet. Safe and effective psychological treatment options are desirable for subthreshold depression in patients with acs, should they prove tolerable, efficacious, and costeffective. The natural course of elevated depressive symptoms or subthreshold depression in patients with an acute coronary syndrome acs is presented, as is the prognostic impact. Biological aspects of depression wiley online library. Major depressive disorder is one form of depressive illness, or mood. Biological, psychosocial, and spiritual dimensions and. Biological theories about the causes of depression. In the sciences, a theory is more than a simple guess.
The etiology of depression in children cannot be explained by one mechanism, as it is likely a combination of biology, personality traits, and life events. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Etiology of depression an overview sciencedirect topics. As for the present therapeutic implications, the monoaminergic theory of depression is paralleled with the chronobiolgy theory and mainly with the theory of circadian rhythm dysregulation. As mentioned above, according to this hypothesis, depression is caused by neurotransmitter dysregulation or endocrinological dysfunction whybrow et al.
Freud 1917 prosed that many cases of depression were due to biological factors. Research has also supported theories that take several factors into account such as the persons genetic and environmental influences. A complex set of biological processes has been implicated in the etiology and course of depressionalthough such research has not always clarified whether such processes are underlying causal factors, correlates, or consequences of depression. If depression were an actual disease, illness, or disorder you wouldnt be able to rid yourself of it. Depression is like grief, in that it often occurs as a reaction to the loss of an important relationship. The etiology of depression depression in parents, parenting. The disorder is characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania and occurs in 1% of the population. Unipolar major depressive disorder is a common condition that has both emotional mood and anxiety and physical aspects 1. Biological theory of depression in the light of new evidence ncbi. The myth that depression is either a psychological illness or a biological one then forms the basis to explain the origins of the illness. Each section is highly informative and broadly representative of the field. No one theory will completely explain the biological bases for depression.
Mcneal and peter cimbolic the catholic university of america as psychologists, we are aware of biological models of depression, but do not appreciate how the research on this front contributes to our understanding of this illness. In contrast, for nonmelancholic depression, the role of personality. It is a coherent group of propositions formulated to explain a group of facts or phenomena in the natural world and repeatedly confirmed through experiment or observation, n. Anxiety disorders can manifest in many different forms, including panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessivecompulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder.
Schizophrenics, for example, have been found to have different brain structures to other people, with smaller brains and higherthannormal levels of dopamine you can read more about schizophrenia and other problems in our issues section. Psychological causes of depression the actual causes of depression are still unknown today but there are a few theories that could help explain them. The course of an episode of major depressive disorder is predictable, and there are many treatments that address different aspects of the illness and, in the vast majority of cases, produce a positive effect. Antidepressants and biochemical theories of depression elizabeth t. Evaluation of the biological approach psychologist world. While the exact cause of depression is unknown, it has been suggested that a combination of biological factors and environmental stressors contribute to the onset and progression of the disorder 2. Below is a brief discussion of the multiple biological, psychological and social factors that have been identified as being related to the development of depression. Secondly the depressive state may signal help from others. However, it is limiting to describe behavior solely in terms of either nature or nurture, and attempts to do this underestimate the complexity of human behavior.
Several theories have been suggested for the biochemical background of depression, and. Biological bases have been found for a range of psychological disorders. Jul 15, 2019 future research is needed to further delineate and tie together the biological causes of panic disorder. Biological theories of manic depression biological theories of manic depression like every mental illness, there is no definitive evidence concerning the etiology of manic depression, also known as bipolar disorder. A serious loss, chronic illness, relationship problem, work stress, family. Psychological theories of depression simply psychology. Theories within the biological approach support nature over nurture. It is more likely that behavior is due to an interaction between nature biology and nurture environment. A 8mark evaluate question awards 4 marks for describing biological explanations of unipolar depression ao1 and 4 marks for evaluating them with reference to treatment ao2. No one theory will completely explain the biological bases for depression because depression is really.
While the classical theories of the neurobiology of depression mainly focused on serotonin and norepinephrine, there is increasing interest in the role of dopamine 50. Compare and contrast two theories of major depression. Approximately 10 percent of adults over the age of 18 suffer from depression in the united states each year, according to the website healthy place. An alternative view is offered by the social navigation theory, this theory suggest that depression offers a prolonged period of time for individuals or groups to think about their problems and come up with better solutions than they might previously have. Request pdf biological theories of depression and implications for current and new treatments unipolar major depressive disorder is a common condition. You need a conclusion to get a mark in the top band 78 marks. Behavioral, cognitive, psychoanalytic, interpersonal, biological, and genetic perspectives are. It is very difficult to actually measure the level of neurotransmitters in a persons brain and their activity.
Biological theories of depression and implications for current and. All participants first read a paragraph about the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, which was taken from the national institute of mental healths online publication titled anxiety disorders 30. These diathesisstress models propose that depression is triggered by a cognitive vulnerability negative and maladaptive thinking and by precipitating stressful life. The role of the biological perspective in psychology. In general, depression can be due to a number of factors including stresses which can range from mild to severe, combined with vulnerability or predisposition to depression that can result from biological, genetic or psychological factors. But before we dive into the 3 explanations, what exactly is meant by biological explanation of depression.
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